Waiting To Be Signed · interviews on generative art, on-chain
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Interview // MAY 2023

Valérie Whitacre

Title: A New Art Movement
Role: Head, TriliTech
Platform: TriliTech
Duration: 1h 14m
Hosts: Will & Trinity
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#035 · A New Art Movement
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Valérie Whitacre: All right.

Will: Hello and welcome, everyone, to another episode of Waiting to Be Signed, a special interview episode. We're joined today by Valérie Whitacre, Head of Art at Trilitech. Those of you listening might be saying, "What is Trilitech?" And that's something we're going to get to the bottom of in this interview. That's why we have Valérie on. Of course, Trinity is here as well. How's it going, everyone?

Valérie Whitacre: Good, great. Thanks for welcoming me on the show.

Trinity: I think this was pretty much enabled by the lovely folks over at fx(hash), and I'm sure we'll talk more about that relationship and that connection. But as a quick first question before the question: Valérie, how did you get connected with the team there? You came at very high recommendation of Paul, who we all love -- he's a great guy. How did you two meet?

Valérie Whitacre: We met almost exactly a year ago. I had just started at Trilitech, and my first big orientation to the ecosystem was Basel in June, where different members of the ecosystem were being showcased. But fx(hash) was definitely the star of the show, along with the artists there. I think at the time it was also one of the first times certain creators were meeting each other in person. So for Paul and Ozzy to meet me for the first time, there was this kind of beautiful moment where you hadn't really put a face to a name yet. I think they were also wondering, "What is Trilitech? Who is Valérie? Why is she here? What's her deal?" That was the first time we met, and it was also a huge catalyst for me, because I hadn't yet met the creators -- and the creators of the Tezos ecosystem, as well as its collectors, are really the entire reason I'm here, the entire reason there's an art vertical at all. There was this legacy of hard work and passion and endurance and ambition that came before me, and hearing about it is a completely different thing than actually witnessing it in front of you. I really felt like that meeting, and that fair in particular, was a transitional moment where people were meeting each other for the first time.

Will: So, Valérie, what is Trilitech? To the extent you can encapsulate it -- we mostly want to know about you, but to help everyone understand: what is Trilitech, how is it related to Tezos and the Tezos Foundation? And then please introduce yourself. Who are you? What is your background in art, and how did you end up at Trilitech? Did you have a history in NFTs or crypto? What's your story? How'd you get here?

Trinity: We want to know it all.

Valérie Whitacre: Just going to lay it all bare. So, Trilitech is a hub of the Tezos ecosystem. I work very closely with members of the Foundation. In London, we have most of the heads of the verticals located, including my colleagues Fern, head of sport; Jeremy, head of gaming; Michael, head of DeFi; and Amar, head of VC, who's helping drive forward investments. There's a very big BD component here at Trilitech, but we also have some of the core protocol engineers who make up the team. We're a fluid community, constantly engaging and working together. The amount I learn about the protocol, about different products being built across the ecosystem that have nothing to do with art, is one of the most fascinating parts of Trilitech.

Others in the community might already know about Nomadic Labs, for instance, or TZ APAC. There's a really fluid engagement across different ecosystem entities, hubs, and passionate partners. We have a gentleman named Guilherme in Brazil who runs Tezos DAO Brazil -- a real passionate Tezos enthusiast who does a lot of his own projects on Tezos. We liaise with him and celebrate a lot of the creative projects we're aware of, but there's no official relationship there as such. So without going into particulars, I hope that sums up both the simplicity and the complexity of the ecosystem -- we're all talking to one another, and people building and evaluating and trying to learn and help develop and mature the Tezos ecosystem do so whether or not they're part of an official entity or hub. There's a really vibrant conversation happening.

Effectively, I work as a business development head leading the art vertical. Many of you will have worked previously with my colleague Diane Drubet, who's now leading almost exclusively the Web3 Arts and Culture program. I also work very closely with David and Natasha at TZ APAC, and I'm in touch with the BD team at Nomadic Labs in Paris about regional France and Benelux projects in arts and culture -- everything from the Musée d'Orsay to the French Ministry of Culture being interested in blockchain. Varun Desai at Tezos India is someone you might be familiar with, and we're in constant contact too. So it is complicated, and the answer isn't a bullseye one. But the point is that regardless of the paperwork or the location of the entities, it's a really decentralized and very active conversation going on across the world. My leading the art vertical is really about making sure we coordinate those conversations and that we're all working toward the same objectives and key results.

Trinity: Being organized, planned, and not just having fifty disparate efforts that may or may not be aligned. Okay.

Valérie Whitacre: Yeah, attempting that. It's been a year now, a year and a few days since I joined Trilitech, which at the time had maybe ten people in the office, and now we're upwards of fifty, or close to it. We have organizational structures and we're trying to lead in best practice in terms of really defined priorities, but also making sure we celebrate success a little more. I'm still sometimes finding out a week after a drop or an exhibition that it was on Tezos, and we really need to solve for that -- not only so our marketing teams can galvanize together, but so the entire ecosystem isn't learning about it three or four days later. Admittedly, part of the reason I'm a little delayed is that I'm not as active on Twitter and I'm not on Discord, which are two things I hope to remedy this year -- personal ambitions of mine. But arguably, in service of maintaining that organization, I'm taking a very cautious approach to both channels.

Will: I think that's a decent top-level explanation of Trilitech, and I want to drill down on some of that with you. But first: what is your background in art, how did you come to crypto, and how did you come to Trilitech to begin with?

Valérie Whitacre: Great question, and I always enjoy answering it because it's maintained its consistency over the past year, even as it's been fleshed out a bit more since I entered the ecosystem. I spent the last fifteen years as an art gallerist, primarily in photography. I worked for a nineteenth-century collector and gallerist, I've worked for the auction houses, I've worked on private collections, and my last role was effectively my dream job. I can remember walking into Hamiltons Gallery back in 2008 and thinking, this is the photography gallery I want to work at -- and that never changed. In fact, I'm looking forward to the Avedon Centenary they're putting on tomorrow evening. Going back into the history and roots of photography is part of what brought me to blockchain.

When COVID hit, obviously the gallery wasn't making that many sales. We suddenly had to be entirely remote, whereas our business model really relied on in-person meetings -- lots of lunches, meeting at art fairs, going to events and exhibitions, helping to sponsor exhibitions. All of that was ripped out from underneath us. But perhaps more impactfully, the rest of the art market was also driven online -- and when I say the rest of the art market, I mean primarily fakes. Photographs are arguably one of the easiest things to fake. There are simple ways to identify fakes, and the reputation of the gallery you're buying from is one safeguard. But several sellers started appearing on pretty prestigious e-commerce platforms -- Artnet, Artsy, 1stdibs -- blatantly selling things I knew were wrong. And they weren't just selling to enthusiasts who wanted to decorate a wall; they were selling to collectors I'd spent five or ten years helping build a concrete, high-level collection. So I got a little angry, and being a Virgo, when I'm angry I delve into minutiae. I discovered a bit more about who was doing this -- it's now an open court case in California, actually, about the main offender on the photography front. But that's what made me discover blockchain as a technology, rather than just the hype around cryptocurrency that hit everyone between 2015 and 2017.

I became, overnight, a victim of the Alice in Wonderland effect of blockchain technology and the artistic community and the NFT wave. I've seen a lot of hype in my career in the art world -- I've seen fads come and go, I've watched seventeen-year-olds get put on auction house walls with no primary market whatsoever and known they'd disappear. But this, even though it was hyped and a lot of the media narrative was pure hype, I really felt there were legs to this technology and to the creative community being built on it.

Somewhat serendipitously -- I almost want to accuse this recruiter of having hacked my computer, because I don't think I'd even told my partner I was researching this -- I got a call about this position. Before my career in photography, I'd spent time in economics and strategy; I had a position at one of the top five consulting firms before 2008. So it became clear that my expertise in arts and culture, specifically the traditional art market, combined with my strategy background, might work for this role. After what I think was only several weeks, but felt like many, many weeks of studying, talking to industry experts, interviewing, and meeting the Trilitech team and the wider Tezos ecosystem, I started as Head of Art at Trilitech.

Trinity: Sounds like a match made in heaven, to be honest.

Valérie Whitacre: If he wasn't hacking my computer, then it absolutely was a match made in heaven -- I don't know what other source could have made that happen. Astrology, heaven, whatever one believes, but it really was shocking. I accused the recruiter of being a bit mad when he kept insisting we have this phone call -- good thing I didn't listen to that initial hesitation. I think there's a lot of apprehension around this space; tech in general was never something I thought I'd have a place in. But I think what blockchain enables is actually a completely different definition of what "tech" even is. Am I working in tech? That's a good question -- I don't really feel like I am. I feel like I'm working in a new movement, a new wave of the art market and of artistic mediums. That's really where my relationship with Paul and Ozzy and Ciphrd and the entire fx(hash) team stems from -- that fascination with generative art as a medium that, while historic, has certainly found its voice in blockchain and the Web3 movement.

Trinity: You've already talked a bit about the organizational practices you're looking to bring to Tezos -- rallying around art releases, community events, all that fun stuff. Honestly, Will and I keep talking about how Web3 is the least organized space of all time. If you're planning something two weeks ahead of time, you're doing really well -- it's such a chaotic free-for-all. So it's amazing that you're bringing that organization; we love to see it. A really good question is: why art on Tezos? What are the goals Trilitech has around promoting the art space here, especially at the same level and priority as, say, DeFi or gaming -- verticals known for large audiences and a lot of attention? Art is much more on the cultural side of things rather than the financialization side.

Valérie Whitacre: In the Tezos ecosystem it's actually a bit reversed. If you look at the Dapp Radars or DeFi Llamas of the world, the art community on Tezos is by far the most active, and that activity is as valuable, if not more valuable, than onboarding new wallets and new audiences. The value of this community, the hard work of these creators going all the way back to Rafael Lima onward -- that's the proof in the pudding. The loyalty and engagement that ensures the sustainability of the Tezos blockchain really lives within the arts community.

So when people ask, "Why art?" -- if I look at the order in which the heads were hired, I was number two of the group. Fern was here about a year before me, in sports, managing partnerships that were much more on the awareness side, on applicable fandom technology. That exists in arts and culture too, just translated more as patronage models rather than fandom, but it's a little bit the same thing.

So, number one: the community has done all the hard work, and I want to make sure we acknowledge that. Bright Moments built and created an environment that enabled this, and the protocol -- its security, its sustainability, its upgrading -- all of that is paramount to the future of the Tezos blockchain. But when it comes to art, directly to your question: because you all built it. That's an important shout-out to make.

In terms of goals, my comfort level has always leaned a bit more toward what I call the legacy market -- I try to avoid the word "trad." I'm fully aware that this wider Web3 movement needs to know what's happened here. I'm not even sure creators and collectors know how historically significant what's been built really is -- in the history of art, in the history of democratized exchange of creative output. I'd love at some point to work with someone at the Courtauld, or even the Cambridge programs, to get a PhD thesis out there on quite how significant this is.

So the goals really split across two things: legacy art world success, and making sure the entire Web3 creator and collector community -- and other fringes too -- are aware of what's happened here and how they can engage. We'd call that conversion rather than onboarding. During NFT NYC we ran a competition with a profile-picture component, and we saw an uptake of people from the ETH, Polygon, and Solana worlds -- not that there's much of an art community on Solana -- coming on board to experiment and try to win. We want to see more of that: doors open, moments where creators from across all chains feel welcome and can learn more about Tezos. Sometimes that takes something as seemingly trivial as a competition, but we're building out more models like that, and also celebrating success within the ecosystem. We're working with our marketing teams to do a better job highlighting what's happened historically, as well as moments of pure success -- an auction, an exhibition, the acquisition of the John Gerard piece that was on fx(hash) by the Centre Pompidou. Fantastic. These are historical kingmaking moments.

On the legacy art side, that's a longer conversation. Diane Drubay has done an excellent job with the Web3 Arts and Culture Program making institutions from that space feel comfortable talking about this. I think there are two components of the legacy art world that make this a big challenge. One is the market itself: galleries have no incentive to give up their commission. They're paying rent, after all -- historically that 50% wasn't cheating anyone, paying rent and marketing fees costs money. But it's also a contractual relationship that can inhibit creativity and innovation, because you're constantly doing things for your own audience, and there's no incentive to engage in a transparent market. I joke that we have this illusion that each gallery has its own client list -- of course they don't anymore, the international art fair circuit has completely decimated that illusion -- but there's still something that feels safe to galleries about only they can talk to a certain person about a specific artist or price.

The other side is museums and cultural institutions. The entertainment side -- movies, music, immersive experiences -- is already starting to see the benefits, commercially and infrastructurally. But museums are archaic institutions, and they face a barrier to entry that's entirely regulatory. It's not uncommon for the question in a meeting to not be "should I do this?" but rather: we don't own the artwork -- it belongs to the state, or it belongs to the people. Different countries and regions think about acquisition, ownership, and provenance in completely different ways than blockchain assumes. Those philosophical and regulatory conversations are just starting to emerge, and I think we'll have to push the boundaries a little -- it's only through innovation that regulation changes and adapts. We can't be too precious about the chicken and the egg there.

The third element we're focused on is the existing community -- making sure we communicate more outwardly. So thank you again for inviting me onto the program. Everyone contributing to the arts vertical has made it a priority to be a little louder and prouder, to show up when we can. As online as this whole movement is, there's something incredibly meaningful about showing up in person -- it gives further fire to everyone's ambitions. We're trying, through the regions, to make that a priority as well.

Trinity: I want to dig into one thing -- the use of "legacy" versus "traditional." In this context they're describing the exact same art market, the same group of people, the same ecosystem, but "legacy" implies something out of date, something that's no longer the way forward, something that should almost be deprecated in favor of new technologies. Is that how you're thinking about it? Is Web3 the way forward for all art markets moving into the future? Is that going to be the new norm?

Valérie Whitacre: I love this question, because it comes down to an analogy -- I speak in analogies a lot, so forgive me if they're a little cheesy. My last boss used to call himself a dinosaur, and I'd joke: that's not true, you're not a dinosaur, you're still relevant. The gallery itself is still relevant. The artwork, and the people who are experts in that artwork, will always be relevant. I don't think that goes away.

But I've since challenged him on the dinosaur thing, because I think galleries, in the current way they exist, are more like alligators. I've made this analogy before, so bear with me if you've heard it: an alligator hasn't changed much in however many millions of years. Its preference is to lie in wait and snap at prey. And around it, things evolve -- different songbirds, different mammals, different fish, different reptiles, different sea creatures, different bacteria. I think what we're looking at is an alligator art market. It will still exist, still operate within the confines and parameters it was set up to succeed in -- that's how it was made. And simultaneously, I think we'll see a much wider, more decentralized, but also diverse, inclusive, and international market for what I call creative output.

I don't mean to diminish artists who consider themselves artists, but coming from the photography world especially, not all of my photographers considered themselves artists, and not all of my artists considered themselves photographers -- they were all just using a camera. So a lot of this is about encapsulating a wider group of people, so that creative output, and the exchange and collecting of it, belongs to that wider ecosystem the alligator is watching from its little place in the river.

Will: I love that -- I can see the episode title already: Legacy of Alligators. I want to follow up on what you said about the legacy space and its lack of incentives, because it's something we've heard theorized -- that galleries will never want to get into the crypto space for exactly that reason. Have you tried going the other way, getting galleries interested in art that's already tokenized? Do they like it, hate it, or just refuse to regard it at all because it's crypto- or NFT-associated? And what about artists -- have you had conversations with artists about subverting the whole gallery model themselves? They could sell directly -- we have all these platforms, it's frictionless, there's no gas expense. On Ethereum right now, uploading a project could cost a couple thousand dollars, which could be backbreaking for an artist just getting started. However you want to approach that.

Trinity: And just to piggyback on that -- one other nuance about the gallery perspective is that Web3 lets them scale across all sorts of price points. It's something you set up online, and you're not paying rent on it. So why isn't it a "yes and"?

Valérie Whitacre: I'm going to start with the first part, which is: am I going to individual artists to tell them to subvert the gallery model? Like, "Hey, you've been selling at such-and-such gallery, and they've been taking 50%, why don't you try this?" We've seen artists from the legacy space try this—not going to name names, because I care about them deeply—but I'd argue that "frictionless" is also not an accurate term for where legacy artists are coming from. Twitter is not a native space for creative artists who have only just figured out Instagram. And I'm not talking about people above 50 or 60. I'm even talking about people my age, mid-to-late 30s. There's a lack of comfort there that's not as frictionless as it might be in principle.

The legacy artists I've spoken with, frankly, are just not inclined to learn that new skill. I think artists native to this space would say the same. I've heard Misan Harriman make a similar point: we adore and revere artists for their creativity, and it's fine when we watch a documentary about Pollock showing up drunk at 9 a.m. at Peggy Guggenheim's, or Van Gogh cutting his ear off—but these are not people who should be their own marketers. They rely on infrastructure support. Very often someone else is paying their rent, managing their studio, whether it's a business partner or a life partner.

I'd love to see an emergence in this community of people with organizational skill sets who believe in artists and enable them to participate in this space without having to "pay rent" for it themselves. I've seen a few agencies starting to do this—Melissa from Lily and Piper is ambitious in this space and wants to grow that conversation. There needs to be a moment of someone saying, "Give me 20%, or 10%, or whatever, and I'll handle the backend—give me access to your Twitter, your Discord, et cetera." It's hard. Anyone in this space who's had any measure of success knows it's tiring, 24/7, exhaustive. Collectors, too, often have to do far more work than they would in the legacy space just to get on reserve lists. There's a lot to manage there. I wouldn't say it needs course correction, but we need more mentors in the space, and more agents. I'd love to see that.

On the gallery side—why galleries eschew crypto-native or digital artists, who are still very underrepresented in the traditional space—there's not much of an excuse left. Transparency is one factor, but I remember 2009, when the first online e-commerce platforms for art were emerging and everyone said it would never work: "No one's going to buy art online, absolutely no way." Five years later, 30-40% of sales at some of the galleries I worked with were happening purely through those platforms, leveraging advertising, stronger networks, and client lists. That happened—we can't deny it.

This next leap is similar. The alligators need to taste it. There's something to dangling the fish in front of the alligator and waiting, but the bigger question is: how do we show them it's unavoidable? That's what's happening on Tezos—the collectors, creators, and platforms, whether it's fx(hash) or any of the marketplaces, are proving you can't stop this. A gallery that chooses not to participate is making an active choice to forgo an opportunity.

To your earlier point—yes, it's an income driver and allows for vertical expansion across price points. But traditionally, galleries have been wary of that too. At some of the galleries I've worked with or shopped at for clients, they make a point of not selling anything under a certain amount. Right or wrong, that appeals to a certain type of legacy collector, a certain advisor who wants to feel they belong to that community. Nothing wrong with that per se—and plenty of people from that community are now also participating in this space. That's the second level: we show people it's unavoidable, we show the quality, the level of engagement, the different types of innovative creation and collaboration happening. Things that used to happen only between an artist and a musician, or a fine artist and a fashion brand, are now happening between artists directly. It's incredible, and we're seeing so much success off the back of it. That's how we win them over—you dangle it in front of them.

Trinity: From a brand strategy—or gallery—perspective, art can be a luxury good. It is a luxury good. Even those of us participating in the relatively low end of the Tezos ecosystem, buying art for thousands of dollars or fractions of a penny, it's still a luxury to be in this space at all. I don't know exactly where I'm going with that—just a thought that one position might not be right for every gallery or entity, but it could be right for some.

Valérie Whitacre: Absolutely, and I think that conversation is starting to be had. We also can't forget how much regulation has recently hit the art world. Right before COVID shut us down in the UK, the 5th EU Money Laundering Directive came into force in January 2020. Suddenly, if you wanted to buy one artwork or several that added up to over €10,000, I had to ask for a passport and proof of residence. Layers like that make it tougher for the commercial art market to also take on the learning curve of adopting something like this—even though this space, of course, democratizes and frees things up in many ways. But commercial art galleries, as much as they need to adapt to trends and market shifts, are themselves legacy infrastructure, just like museums and cultural institutions in general.

On the luxury point—I'd argue that even with everything we've seen open up on Tezos, calling someone "an artist" still implies something. It's a loaded word, versus "I make music" or "I code"—that carries a different signifier. I hope no one's offended, but there are definitely crowds where, if I'm at a dinner party, I don't say I'm head of art for a blockchain company. Otherwise, for the next 45 minutes, that's all anyone asks about, and it's not the most polite way to hijack a dinner conversation. So I usually just say I help lead art strategy for a tech firm and leave it there, because all those other framings come loaded with suppositions—at least in Western culture. I can't speak to how loaded the word "artist" is in India or Latin America; I don't have that context. And it goes back to the age-old debate of what's craft and what's art. If we really anchor this around what counts as art, what counts as creative output on the blockchain, it goes all the way back to the ancients. It'll be a fascinating history for someone to write, start to finish.

Will: When you bring up that dinner party example—the conversation about leading blockchain art at Tezos—do people come at you like, "Wait, crypto is bullshit, it's all a scam, NFTs are a Ponzi scheme"? Is that association part of why you don't want to open the door to 45 minutes of those questions? We've talked on the show about people who run platforms and have tried to bridge into the legacy space, and the conversation tends to just end at "NFT." What's your experience—beyond disincentives to join, is there also a good chunk of people who just think it's a scam?

Valérie Whitacre: I don't ever get the scam accusation. Maybe because I'm inside the space now, it's hard for me to know if that's really the current debate in the NFT space, or at least the creative NFT space. What I do get a lot—and it's the same debate I got in photography—is: how can something have value if there's no object, or if it can be infinitely reproduced?

That's actually part of why I got so obsessed with this world, and maybe the real reason I fell into the rabbit hole when the recruiter first called me: the parallel history with photography. Invented in the 1830s by a couple of rich white guys in Europe who happened to have some chemistry knowledge. A market didn't develop until nearly a hundred years later—people were commissioning photographs of their families, not thinking of it as an art acquisition. Then people started commissioning landscapes, or traveling the world photographing buildings that might not even exist anymore. Is that art, documentary, or archive? However you define it, these are theoretically infinitely reproducible objects whose market developed partly through invented scarcity, but mostly because we invented the market structures. Editioning photographs—editioning most things—wasn't even popular until the 1980s. That's pretty late. The market structures NFTs have settled into are really at home within that same infinitely reproducible medium—that's the photographic lineage in my blood.

So the questions that come up are: one, what are you actually acquiring, and two, how do you put a price on it? I go back not just to photography but to someone like Rodin, who cast his sculptures rather than carving a single block of marble for the Pope alone. This has happened in different chapters throughout history. I'm almost relieved to just get that question rather than the more vehement, disruptive comments about the economics of it—it goes back to art history in general, and we're just repeating this debate because it's opening art up to more people. Seeing web3 as an extension of a longer history of democratizing creative acquisition and creation is a really interesting way to frame it.

But at dinner parties, people are genuinely confused, and I don't like making people feel like idiots. Two weeks after I joined Trilitech, I visited my parents in France—very, very smart people: a surgeon, a teacher, advanced degrees. My dad's taking courses in Hittite and Aramaic these days; he built his first computer in 1979. You'd think he'd have a million questions for me. But they never once asked about my new job—because they were afraid of feeling stupid, not knowing how to talk about this space. So that's usually where I cut off the dinner party conversation: right around the structure of it, and what it even is.

Will: That's so interesting, because the whole idea of blockchain is that it proves ownership and scarcity, at least with NFTs. So it's actually solving the very thing they're potentially critical of.

Valérie Whitacre: You're absolutely right.

Trinity: Art on the blockchain isn't going away—it's the way forward, letting markets move faster and more egalitarian at scale. That said, do we need to reposition our strategy away from the term "NFT"? Is that word becoming too loaded, and what other mechanisms should we be considering? Take Verse as a platform—I don't know if you're familiar with it, but they do great work on the art side. They're trying to make it easier for traditional or legacy collectors by, for one, having custodial wallets, so it's that merge of Web2 and Web3. And it's all about art, not about NFTs—I don't think the word "NFT" shows up anywhere on their homepage. Is that something we should be looking toward, from a branding perspective, as a community of people who value art in this ecosystem?

Will: And to add quickly, they also do a fair amount of physical works in conjunction with the tokenized product.

Valérie Whitacre: It's a platform I admire very much, and I always love my conversations with Layla and Mimi. Yes is the answer. First, I think we need to distinguish critically what the art is versus what the NFT is. Club NFT does this well—making sure people understand that the file is different from the token. That, at its base, is an educational thing. But on the marketing side, absolutely, I try to reduce my use of the word "NFT" unless I'm referring specifically to provenance or traceability. That doesn't always solve the problem, though—repeating a certain marketing message doesn't necessarily increase adoption of that language, and the network effect can lose its impact. I think there are other members of the ecosystem who also believe there's a difference between crypto art, digital art, and art that simply uses the blockchain. It's similar to the photography world: whether you're an artist using a camera, a photographer who happens to sell fine art prints, or an artist-photographer versus a commercial photographer—these distinctions emerged for different reasons over time.

Really, the message around what's been created within the Tezos ecosystem doesn't need the word "NFT." It needs the word artist. It needs the word creator. It needs the words musician, animator, generative artist, and it needs the word collector or enthusiast or whatever term fits. That would tell the story with almost 99.9% accuracy, as long as you reference somewhere that there's a token providing traceability. Right now, I think we still kind of need the word "NFT" to make sure everyone knows we're on the same page about the subject matter. But I don't think it's helpful in a specific marketing context—unless you're referring to tokens with utility that cultural institutions can adopt. That's where we're seeing new words like "memento" or "memory." People say you can collect a memory, and that memory might unlock some patronage level for you. That's okay—I think one needs to be as specific to one's own audience as possible. Over time, through mainstream media, but also through Web3 media and platforms like RightClickSave and yourselves at Waiting to Be Signed, we'll arrive at a system of best practice and best terminology that really fits the space overall.

Trinity: That makes me think of something—there's an ongoing conversation, at least within the generative art space, and I don't know if it extends to other parts of art released on the blockchain, about the value of art stored on-chain versus art on IPFS. The ETH maxis will say on-chain is the only way—if it's not on-chain, it's doomed to fail. That's held up as a big knock against a lot of what's released on Tezos, since most art there isn't fully on-chain. It sounds like you don't think that matters, because the on-chain part is the provenance, the token—not the art itself. Any additional thoughts on that?

Valérie Whitacre: I think the conversation matters, and consensus around it matters. By way of comparison, it's a little like saying—if I see an installation, whether it's a Richie Hawtin concert or a Refik Anadol piece at MoMA—those installations matter, and they aren't on-chain. They might be the source of what ends up on the blockchain, but inevitably there's a step in the creative process to get there. Similarly, with digital fashion, a lot of it right now is just animation, but you acquire it because there's a sense of technological innovation, some exploration of what fabric can look like in a digital space. Does that creative output need to be on-chain? I don't think so. But I do agree there's value in certain instances for things to be on-chain if they can be.

I thought it was a really creative choice—I don't know if you know the platform where everything is insisted to be fully on-chain, pixelated and all—to make that a founding principle. Maybe it doesn't need to be that way, but having it as a principle of the platform, a principle going forward, at least lets you see what's happening. It's a bit like being an expert in a space—even the conversation around AI. As an expert in photography, I can look through a loupe and tell you if something's a platinum print, tell you when the paper was made, identify if it's pencil or pen or stylus. These are things I've been trained to do over time. Similarly, I think we're going to find experts in this space who help identify on-chain art, off-chain art, AI art—whether something is purely digital animation or has a physical component—and we'll be able to see the layers of that somehow. I'm not technically expert enough to tell you exactly how that would happen, but I do think we're going to have experts who, over time, assess not just rarity and scarcity but also skill, craft, and technique across these different types of work—on-chain, off-chain, blockchain art, crypto art, how much metadata is embedded, how deep we can go with cataloging something on-chain or off-chain. All of these things will have their own value sets along the way.

So it's less that it doesn't matter, and more that I don't think we can predict the history of where everything will sit in the future. But I definitely don't think we should look at any creative piece that could be exchanged using blockchain technology and dismiss it just because someone lacks the coding knowledge, or because the medium doesn't fit a particular standard.

Will: Staying related to art, but shifting the conversation a bit to Tezos and Trilitech, and the greater ecosystem—there are, I guess, two parts to growing art on Tezos. One is increasing adoption and getting new people in. The other is attracting people who are ETH-only or Solana-only and getting them to accept Tezos and come over here. From your perspective, which is the greater priority? I know my own answer, but how do those goals oppose or conflict with each other at times, and how do you approach them day-to-day? What's it like trying to bring someone over from ETH versus introducing someone completely new?

Valérie Whitacre: I felt like I was able to keep those two things separate early on when I started, but the momentum has been insane the past few months—and by momentum, I mean the opportunities coming our way. Right now, the projects I'm looking at, the relationships I'm exploring, the partnerships I'm building as we speak, are with people who started their careers on Ethereum, who've seen the value of Tezos, and who also have legacy art collectors, enthusiasts, or fans. That's where I'm finding the sweet spot—you have to meet people where they are. Even a legacy art collector, if they find that someone in their collection, or someone they've followed for a long time, is making art on the blockchain, regardless of chain, they're going to at least read about it, and maybe explore acquiring something—which, in most instances, is less expensive than trying to buy the original piece.

A perfect example is Nadia and Unicorn DAO's exhibition at Jeffrey Deitch this past January, working with Shepard Fairey to make an open edition. That was a really special moment for us—seeing two of these ambitious, political, loud-in-every-good-way creators doing something so impactful, with such determination, for such a good cause. Finding projects and relationships like that, which cross over both ecosystems, is where I'm really concentrating. But you're right that there's tension between the two goals. I've had conversations with the team at World of Women, whose project I think is amazing—it's no accident it's on Ethereum, but there's no reason we can't talk about what we can do for the Tezos ecosystem, how we can bring in creators like that. I've also found Tezos to be a much more gender-equal ecosystem than any other.

So I hope that answers your question. It's less about where I was eight months ago, and that tension I was finding then, and much more about what I'm seeing now. A lot of that is because the community has built such a special place that it's drawing people here—other Web3 creators from different ecosystems, often people who have a voice, or at least a foothold, in traditional culture spaces and conversations.

Will: What's that pitch like when you're talking to people about Tezos specifically? I imagine community is a big part of it, but on the technology side—and this is probably the area we know least about on our show, even though we cover Tezos as much as possible—there's a pretty entrenched group who think Tezos is doomed, a ghost chain, and that Ethereum will be the one and only layer 1. What are some of the things you talk about when pitching Tezos, either to someone considering blockchains generally, like an institution weighing options, or to someone already on Ethereum? We no longer have the environmental edge we used to have, and I think that's actually what helped build the community here now—not just the low cost of transaction, but so many artists—

Valérie Whitacre: I agree.

Will: —who valued that it's green. Artists are very thoughtful people in that sense. So what are some of the talking points when someone asks, "Well, is it going to be around in two years? Just look at the price"? There are so many things people might be biased against. What are those conversations like?

Valérie Whitacre: Of course we see what certain individuals and groups are saying, and I can't speak for the Tezos Foundation — I'll speak purely for my own motivations and understanding of the technology. Don't grill me on smart contracts, though. I think there are a few key reasons.

One is affordability. You're right that the clean NFT movement and the sustainability of the Tezos blockchain was part of the conversation, and a huge motivating factor. But when you're looking at creators in the Philippines or in Brazil, I'm not sure they had much of a choice — affordability was what drove those communities forward. That's not to disparage anyone's income or ambition; Tezos was simply the most affordable chain on which to experiment and to be part of a wider global community. Those were the conditions that were created and met.

On sustainability, two things stand out. First, the merge happened — we all know that. Even that moment was a demonstration to me that Ethereum hadn't future-proofed the thinking around digital assets. You wake up one morning and there's a proof-of-work chain and a proof-of-stake chain, and for a minute there was real confusion about what you were supposed to do. Any confusion around provenance, traceability, and ownership completely undermines the digital asset value proposition, even if that's not technically how it works. I've had coders tell me, "Valérie, there was a specific rule in place," and that's less the issue for me — it's that for a minute, people were confused. To put a market where people's livelihoods and assets are on the line in that position shows a lack of foresight.

That brings me to the third and most important point for me: the scalability and upgrade model — the governance model around Tezos. You'll shortly see a lot of records coming out around speed and optimistic rollups, scalability that's useful for gaming, for DeFi, and ideally for massive events. But more importantly, the governance model is extraordinary. Perhaps I'm biased — most of you can probably tell I have an American background. I lived through the Trump administration, and I was in the UK when Brexit happened. This derails from technology, but from a purely operational perspective, I've seen the 51%-49% majority model cause violence. I've seen it cause irrational decision-making, division, bias — the list of consequences from that kind of proximity in decision-making goes on.

So looking at Tezos, at how detrimental forking can be for collectors and creators alike, and at what the Bright Moments — sorry, what the protocol developers have put in place and continue to operate on, there's a real sense of security there. At the end of the day, we acquire things and make things because we love them. Yes, this is a technology, an infrastructure, there's a cryptocurrency attached to it, and there are plenty of — I'd argue more boring, but still important — conversations to have about all that. But when you're acquiring or creating something purely because it's part of your human nature to want to make beautiful or controversial things, or to acquire things that reflect who you are, it causes me deep anxiety to think I'm working within an infrastructure that doesn't respect the continuity of that. I don't think there's anyone in Ethereum's back office deliberately trying to disrupt the creator or collector economy. But it was meaningful for me to see this play out on Tezos. From a future-proofing, adaptability standpoint, I think it's one of the most important attributes of the Tezos blockchain.

Trinity: One thing I don't have enough information about — can you give a dumbed-down version of what makes governance on Tezos better than governance on Ethereum? One issue that comes to mind with Ethereum, around gas prices, is that stakers and validators have no incentive to vote for changes that would lower gas, because they're making money hand over fist. What makes Tezos governance work better?

Valérie Whitacre: I don't want to go into too much detail — I'll trip up in the minutiae.

Trinity: For us idiots out here.

Valérie Whitacre: There's an upgrade every three months. So there's an actual target the protocol developers work toward, which all the bakers and stakeholders are aware of. There are several rounds of voting — proposals for upgrades, feedback that gets incorporated, a minimum participation threshold required before moving to the next round. And then, I believe, a final vote with a supermajority model — something like 80% has to say yes for it to proceed. Otherwise, it doesn't happen. That's the simple version of the supermajority round model.

I think back to my own experience living in a nation of over 350 million people stuck with just two options, one a "lesser evil" than the other, which doesn't drive quality candidates. I know that's a different discussion from blockchain technology, but there's an important analogy in what these participatory models bring to life: how do we make sure this sticks around, that it can adapt quickly to innovation and to what the market needs — whether that's speed, scalability, or changes to how information is put on the blockchain? So much is going to change in the next two years that we have to be able to adapt like that. Ethereum taking four or five years to make the merge happen concerns me. I'm sure there's going to be plenty of pushback on how I'm simplifying this, but—

Trinity: No, it's good, because most people don't know how it works. I don't know how it works.

Valérie Whitacre: It's fascinating to watch. I'd really defer anyone interested to the talks Arthur or Kathleen have done — you can find them on YouTube. They speak about it with far more eloquence and authority than I do, without overcomplicating things. Go to the source and you'll be astonished at what you learn about what they've built.

Will: We'd love to have someone from the Tezos Foundation — Arthur or Kathleen — on at some point to talk more, because it sounds like the next upgrade might start working toward bridging or interacting with Ethereum, which is interesting.

Valérie Whitacre: There is discussion, and I think there might even be a prototype at this stage — all things I should know better than I do. But between the volume of inbound requests in the art community and a three-month upgrade cycle, I sometimes struggle with the particulars. But yes, there is an EVM discussion happening right now.

Will: It's exciting, the potential for Tezos to be tangentially involved there. I think that helps push back on the idea that we're stuck in a monolithic, single-layer-1 world.

Valérie Whitacre: There's also a sense that there are already so many good projects built on Tezos as a layer 1. The question for me isn't whether an EVM bridge is necessary because people will use it, but whether it's necessary because it gives people a sense of flexibility. My suspicion is it won't get used as much as it's desired — it's a bit of a checklist thing. You want your gym to have a weights area and enough cardio equipment so you're not fighting for a machine after work. Very practical decisions. I understand why big brands or businesses that need significant infrastructure changes to incorporate blockchain would want that box ticked. But I'm not sure everyone's going to jump on the bridge. We'll see — I could be entirely wrong.

Will: Staying on that topic — multichain, the virtues of Tezos, and people like us not really knowing much about what's going on — I think the other side of that is the opacity of the Tezos Foundation. I could probably jump into the fx(hash) Discord right now and say we're interviewing Valérie from Trilitech, and people would say, "What's Trilitech?" You've hired something like 50 people in the last year — there's a big, growing institution around expanding Tezos. So what the community does know is critical.

When it comes to the Tezos Foundation, people are never like, "We love them, they're doing great stuff" — it's always, "Why are they doing this? What is this?" I think we often don't see the effects of things. Not to put you on the spot about your colleagues, but looking at some of the sports initiatives, I think the average Tezos user looks at that and thinks it's wasted money — they don't see where that adoption has come from. I've never talked to someone who says, "I found fx(hash) and art because of race cars." You've got colleagues doing sports, colleagues doing gaming, colleagues doing DeFi, and you doing art. What's the future like? What are you looking forward to? What can you get us excited about?

Valérie Whitacre: There's a wider effort on the marketing side to ensure clearer communication, at least within our channels. I don't imagine the Tezos Foundation is going to publish a strategy report every quarter for the community, but you can read the biennial reports and get a sense of the trajectory — though those are cumbersome documents. We're trying to do better at direct, open communication, and clearer messaging from real people, without all these entities, hubs, and ecosystem partners becoming confusing from a branding or "which office is this" perspective.

We really want to push the conversation forward and bring insight to the community. With the verticals — sports, gaming, and so on — I'm now in a position, especially with my growing relationships and trust with people like Paul at fx(hash), who introduced me to you, or Brian and Tim over at OBJKT, and many other ecosystem players, to ask: how can we use some of these partnerships to your advantage? I won't give away too much about the collaborations coming out of the woodwork, but there are a few very cool discussions happening.

As a side note, I'm aware that saying, "Hey everybody, do you want to do a collaboration for a grappling team in the United States" risks offending plenty of creators. But it might also be a great opportunity for someone who secretly loves grappling and would love to make an animation of Brazilian jiu-jitsu for a company. The legacy fine art world has always been intertwined with commerce, partnerships, and branded opportunities. People will have strong opinions about some of these partners, across art and the other verticals, but there's an opportunity there for some of the community to benefit — even if it's not you. We're at a point now where we're trying to leverage that, and the other verticals are learning more, through our inter-entity communication, about what's possible and what's really happening in this space. I think that's going to be exciting across the board — not just for the artists we already recognize, but for people we haven't heard of yet.

Trinity: Beautiful. I have one more question, and then maybe we can talk about the future. I assume it's not the goal of Tezos, capital T, the foundation and the various groups, to be overly top-down when promoting different platforms or hubs within the community. That said, we're still seeing a concern, at least within the generative art space, about the proliferation of new platforms. Everybody runs between them, following the same set of artists, and no single one necessarily captures enough fees to stay solvent. I don't know what the answer is, but there's something to be said about how we enable any of these platforms to be truly successful and keep the momentum going. We want new players to come in, experiment, succeed or fail. But if attention is split across dozens of different platforms, none of them will really break through in the collective mindset outside of Tezos.

Valérie Whitacre: I really do hear you, and I think the argument goes both ways. There's also an equal number of people very aware that our defaults sometimes overly prioritize things for reasons that aren't necessarily justifiable, and we've tripped over ourselves a little in the past because of that, often just from trying to make things as simple as possible for new users. I can think of a couple of things coming up that aren't going to make everybody happy, but it's really about getting something out there and building upon it.

Over-diversification is a concern of mine. I would never point at someone and say they shouldn't build a thing — you never know where true genius is going to come from, or where it might provide the perfect opportunity for a new user community that could bring real value to the ecosystem. On the other hand, the art vertical does need to maintain focus. We know which platforms and tools people are naturally gravitating toward, across five or eight different marketplaces. I strongly encourage and try to work with those platforms to make sure they're adopting the right features and designs, or even adding educational content, so they can benefit from my insight on the new-user side.

At the same time, I've seen rival platforms that are really interested in coming onto Tezos. The question becomes: is it worth integrating a new platform that's going to compete with our existing successful ones? How will that shake things up, positively or negatively? Sometimes we do need shocks to the system — competition is an important driver of success overall. Without going into individual examples, or claiming there's one distinct strategy, it's a question we ask ourselves constantly.

I should also say the "art vertical" makes it sound top-down, when really it's as diversified — and potentially confusing — as the wider Tezos ecosystem. There are a lot of conversations before things get approved or denied. I get insight from engineers, from former accountants, from general counsel. Decisions that look quick are really just quickly executed; a lot of voices go into them. That conversation is very active right now as platforms from other ecosystems, or well-financed new platforms, offer features we know would matter. Do we support those, or do we leverage the expertise we have to help our existing platforms develop those features themselves? There's always going to be tension there, but it's something we consider carefully.

Will: There's one platform that — I don't know if this is true — but notoriously was given money to integrate Tezos and still hasn't done it. I'm sure you know which one.

Valérie Whitacre: We'll just not say it, and see who discovers it along the way. Maybe we'll give a prize.

Will: It comes up on Twitter. Arthur's not shy about retweeting those things.

Trinity: Right now it's no secret we're in a bit of a bear market from a crypto perspective. We'd like to think that's DeFi's problem, not the art market's, but we're seeing a downturn across the board — in transaction volume on Tezos and elsewhere. What should we be doing as we focus on continuing to scale conversion, adoption, and keeping people in the space?

Valérie Whitacre: Am I allowed a wish as well as a request? Slow down. Slow down and take stock of what you've done. Celebrate it. Decide where you want to go next — more of the same, just because you can, is not the way forward. I would never put the responsibility of mass adoption on the Tezos art vertical or its participants, but I think the success of the Tezos art scene relies on what comes next.

I'm not saying you shouldn't keep creating — especially given how affordable Tezos is, it's a great place to experiment, and I highly encourage that. But I do think a month off for summer vacation wouldn't be the worst thing, if it means the Tezos art community comes back in full force with amazing projects — projects that are bouleversant, as we'd say in French, that blow people's minds. I know that would blow the minds of people across other ecosystems, commercial galleries, and creators who'd suddenly go, "Wait, what is that? How do I contact that artist? How do I work with them?" Or luxury brands, sports partners, whatever it might be. Expanding our current network is going to take careful consideration. That's my wish for the Tezos ecosystem — not that everyone should flee on holiday at the same time, that would not be a great look, but maybe stagger it.

As a word of wisdom, having witnessed everything that's happened at Trilitech this past year and seen the hard work going on behind the scenes, I'd say: be confident in how many people are behind you. The protocol developers, the product team, people rolling out ideas that will be useful for the community — this is happening behind the scenes. You might not hear about it loud and proud, but it's happening. I see people coming in at 8:30 in the morning who don't leave till 7 at night, answering messages till 11, sometimes on weekends too. These are people with families and livelihoods, working extremely hard to make sure new opportunities appear along the way — and hopefully, with a little R&R, everyone will be ready to take advantage of them when they do.

I can't mention specifics — I don't want to give away the surprises — but there's a lot going on, and that team of fifty isn't just our marketing vertical, as you can probably tell. It's people making things for everyone. If that's an optimistic note to end on: there's comfort in distinguishing the bear market itself from community activity and the quality of the technology, which is very much revered in this space. I think we all need to recognize — whether within the Tezos ecosystem or from people approaching us from outside — that great things are being built to make sure there's a future for the art community and every other vertical on Tezos.

Will: What a great note to wrap the interview on. We usually ask a couple of rapid-fire questions at the end. We've gone long, but there's one we especially want to ask, because we're always looking for new people to talk to on this show. Who would you like to hear us interview? Anyone you can suggest who might be willing to come on? We'd love to get people from the legacy world who are skeptical of NFTs, or anyone on the Tezos Foundation side — who would you like to hear us talk to?

Valérie Whitacre: I can think of three top curators off the top of my head. His time is utterly precious, but Hans Ulrich Obrist of the Serpentine Galleries — definitely worth hearing his perspective. I'm not sure if you've spoken to Misan Harriman yet. He's not just an excellent communicator, far more knowledgeable than I am in this space, and an advocate of Tezos, but also someone who's found real community here — which is a unique thing for someone with his VIP status in the legacy art world. I'd also love for you to speak to Nina Roehrs at the Kunsthalle Zürich — she was responsible for the Do Your Own Research generative art exhibition there last fall.

If I picked one more person: I recently spoke at NFT NYC with Shiv Jain, part of Champ Medici's team, who's incredibly passionate about blockchain and music. He's not a generative art expert to my knowledge, but there's a huge conversation to be had around the technology — not just blockchain, but generative music and what can be done there.

Will: Amazing. You'll have to send us those in the WhatsApp group.

Valérie Whitacre: I've got all the intros.

Will: Trinity, anything before we wrap?

Trinity: I'm good to wrap. Valérie, any questions for us?

Valérie Whitacre: Let me reverse the question. I had the pleasure of speaking with Marissa True from Tez Talks. I'm going to try to do more creative content in the Trilitech podcast room — or media room, I should say, since we use it for more than podcasts. If there are other audio or video platforms where I could help bring some clarity to the community — or where our community associate could do the same — it'd be good to know where else I should be.

Trinity: The big one that comes to mind is fx(hash)'s monthly community talk. It's hosted in Discord and released later as a podcast called FX Fam. The fourth one is tomorrow, actually. That would be a great way to connect with the broader fx(hash) community.

Valérie Whitacre: I'll sync with Paul on that — though I probably can't make tomorrow.

Trinity: No, tomorrow's already planned, but there's always next month.

Will: They locked in the schedule yesterday, so two days' notice is about what you'll get for participation.

Valérie Whitacre: Damn. I've really lost all my VIP status, haven't I?

Will: No, no — I'm sure they'd love to have you on at some point, especially around any of these secret initiatives you've hinted at. If any of them involve fx(hash), that'd be a great opportunity to have you on to talk.

Valérie Whitacre: I'd absolutely love to. It's taken me too long to get to this point, but we're on the mend when it comes to being more vocal. Not that anything was preventing anyone on the arts team from speaking up before — I think I'm just a little camera shy. I'll get over it.

Will: Other shows that come to mind: 2 Bored Apes — Zeneca and Jamie both came from the PFP space but have shifted their focus toward art more recently. They're primarily on the ETH side, but both also collect on Tezos and fx(hash), and might be very interested in talking to someone like you. And if you can swing it — we haven't managed to yet — getting on Proof with Kevin Rose would probably reach the biggest audience for a general message about Tezos and art.

Trinity: You'd have to arm yourself for a debate on why Tezos.

Valérie Whitacre: That's probably where Arthur's better equipped than me for that particular fight—we might have to go in hand in hand. It's unusual for me to say I have a belief in a technology; that's a somewhat deluded statement to make without qualifying that I believe in the principles behind it. And what's happened from Hic Et Nunc onwards, I really mean it when I say it's historically significant. It's not just something we should be shouting about—someone needs to write a book about it, there needs to be a movie, something that brings this to light. As an art historian, I honestly don't think this has ever happened before in the history of art.

Will: That's low-key one of the goals of the show—to be a weekly record of this whole thing. We didn't start during Hic Et Nunc; we actually started right at its end, as fx(hash) was rising. But in twenty years, when they do the documentary, we hope this serves as a record.

Valérie Whitacre: Let's get the people in it now. I wouldn't want to tell the story before it's over, but there's huge value in making sure people are aware of this while it's happening. For what it's worth, I lecture at Sotheby's Institute and I've done some work for Christie's Education as well, and there's real interest on the academic side now in telling the overall NFT story. People are recognizing Tezos as part of— "legitimate" isn't quite the right word, but we'll use it for lack of a better one. They're really seeing it.

Will: It's special. It's a real thing.

Valérie Whitacre: It's special. I hear a lot of terms in this space like "magic" or "beautiful," and I resist those—but it is special. It's certainly distinct. Beyond the arts team needing to be a bit more vocal so people know what's actually going on, I hope we can bring in outside voices who recognize what's happened here, so people realize they were part of something. Rock and roll was probably the last time something like this happened, and that was contained to music, to one corner of the Western world. So it's a pretty great thing, and I really appreciate you guys having me on. Thanks a lot.

Will: Thank you so much, Valérie. It's been amazing having you on the show—we've learned so much, and I hope we get to talk to you again in the future. You'd be a great recurring guest to keep us updated on what's going on. We really appreciate all the time you've given us. Hope everyone enjoyed learning about Valérie and Trilitech, and hearing some positivity about what's going on near the top of this whole thing. That's it for this one. Hope you all enjoy it. Bye.

Valérie Whitacre: Always lit. We're waiting to be signed.

Change log

  • Initial transcript — auto-transcribed (AssemblyAI) and readability-edited.